The Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) expresses its great satisfaction and pride in the awarding of the Creu de Sant Jordi to Dr. Montserrat Baiget—an honor granted by the Government of Catalonia to individuals who have rendered outstanding service to the country in the civic, cultural, or scientific fields.

This award recognizes an extraordinary professional career marked by commitment, innovation, and dedication to the advancement of science and public health. Dr. Baiget has been a key figure in the development of human genetics in Catalonia and throughout Spain, where, as early as the 1970s, she led the creation of the first Genetics Service at Sant Pau Hospital—also the first of its kind in the country—which she directed until her retirement in 2017.

Over nearly five decades, Dr. Baiget has been a true pioneer, particularly in the field of genetic and molecular diagnosis of hereditary diseases such as thalassemia, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy. Her vision and drive made it possible to incorporate the most advanced molecular genetics techniques into our healthcare system long before they became standard practice, paving the way for personalized medicine and pharmacogenetics.

She was also one of the first to implement the study of genes involved in hereditary cancer, offering thousands of women at high risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer the chance to follow personalized prevention and treatment protocols. Her work has had a direct and profound impact on the lives of many individuals and families.

In the research field, Dr. Baiget played a decisive role in establishing IR Sant Pau as a CERCA center. She has published over 450 scientific articles in international journals, presented nearly 650 papers at conferences, contributed to around thirty chapters in specialized books, and supervised 16 doctoral theses, all awarded the highest distinction.

Her leadership has been evident both in directing the Genetics Service and in advancing research at Sant Pau, helping to build a model of scientific and human excellence. A full member of the Royal Academy of Pharmacy, Dr. Baiget has broken barriers in a historically male-dominated environment, becoming a role model for new generations of women scientists.

Dr. Baiget expressed how deeply moved she is by this recognition:
“Throughout my life, I’ve received many awards, but the one that has made me happiest—by far—is the Creu de Sant Jordi. Because it feels like it comes from home, from my country.”

She also emphasized that, even though she began her career in a world dominated by male doctors, she never felt questioned for being a woman or a pharmacist. “When I started at Sant Pau, it was a world of men and doctors. I’m a pharmacist. But I don’t recall any moment when my work was questioned because I was a woman or a pharmacist. I’ve always been treated equally. That’s the truth. I’ve had—and still have—great friends in this institution.”

Finally, she expressed gratitude for the opportunity Sant Pau gave her to grow professionally. “When I started out, I was lucky that the stars aligned in my favor: a hospital, a department, supervisors who let me do my work. With that supportive foundation, I launched studies that were the first of their kind in Catalonia and Spain. And I think that being a pioneer is part of what the Creu de Sant Jordi is recognizing.”

The Creu de Sant Jordi is, without a doubt, a well-deserved tribute to a brilliant career and a collective gesture of appreciation for her irreplaceable contributions to medicine, science, and society.

From IR Sant Pau and the Sant Pau Hospital, we wholeheartedly congratulate Dr. Montserrat Baiget and share in the joy of this meaningful recognition.

Thank you for everything, Dr. Baiget—and congratulations!

A study involving researchers from the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) and the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, led by the University of Oxford, has analyzed trends in colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2021 using real-world primary care clinical databases. The research, published in The American Journal of Gastroenterology, has revealed a steady increase in early-onset colorectal cancer (in people under 50) over the past two decades.

According to the study, although the overall incidence of colorectal cancer has stabilized—thanks in part to screening programs introduced in 2006—there has been a noticeable rise among younger populations. “It’s not an explosion of cases in absolute numbers, but the concern is that this increase is sustained in an age group where this trend was not typically seen,” explains Dr. Patricia Pedregal, from the Digestive Pathology Research Group at IR Sant Pau and a specialist in the Digestive Diseases Department at Hospital Sant Pau, first author of the study.

The study is based on data from over 150,000 patients diagnosed in the U.K., with a total cohort exceeding 35 million people. “One of the strengths of this study is that by using real population-based databases, we’re not extrapolating estimates—we’re working with data directly recorded by primary care physicians,” adds Dr. Pedregal.

Screening Works, but Doesn’t Reach Everyone

The analysis also proves that the implementation of screening programs has had a positive impact on older age groups, stabilizing or even reducing incidence among people aged 60 to 79, and slightly improving survival in that group. However, individuals under 50 are not included in these programs, which may partly explain the increase in that population.

“Stabilization in older adults confirms that screening works. But we need to start a conversation about whether we should begin earlier. It’s also essential for doctors and patients to be alert to warning signs—even in younger people,” emphasizes Dr. Pedregal.

Stagnant Survival Rates

Another key finding of the study is the limited improvement in survival rates over time, despite advances in treatments. Overall survival one year after diagnosis is 78%, but this drops to 51% at five years and 38% at ten years. “We would expect to see a clearer improvement with today’s treatments, but that’s not reflected in the data. This suggests that beyond treatment, there are structural and diagnostic factors we need to improve,” warns the researcher.

The study also confirms that the United Kingdom still has poorer colorectal cancer survival rates compared to other European countries with similar healthcare systems, although the reasons for this are not entirely clear.

Research with Real-World Data

One of the major methodological contributions of this study is the use of real-world data from primary care records rather than traditional cancer-specific registries. This allowed for a more representative cohort of the general population and a very extensive longitudinal follow-up—over two decades in some cases.

“Cancer registries are created for specific purposes, and many times estimates are used to calculate incidence and prevalence. In our case, all calculations come from an integrated database with real information from patients treated within the U.K. public health system. That gives our results greater robustness and validity,” notes Dr. Patricia Pedregal.

In addition, these databases make it possible to analyze large-scale epidemiological patterns without the need to individually recruit patients—something that would be virtually unfeasible in a traditional hospital setting. “Having a sample of over 35 million people and more than 20 years of data is a unique opportunity to understand the true evolution of colorectal cancer in the population. This information can help shape public health policies, optimize screening programs, and in the future, guide more personalized treatment strategies,” adds the researcher.

This approach also highlights the role of primary care not just as the first level of care, but as a key source of information for biomedical research. “These databases reflect the real activity of general practitioners and make it possible to generate evidence applicable to routine clinical practice. They are a powerful tool for advancing cancer research,” concludes Dr. Pedregal.

A Grant That Supports International Research

This research was made possible thanks to a two-month research stay by Dr. Patricia Pedregal at the University of Oxford, as part of her doctoral thesis. It was supported by a 2024 grant from the Fundació Privada for placements in biomedical research centers or leading hospitals.

During this stay, Dr. Pedregal joined the team at the University of Oxford’s Centre for Statistics in Medicine, which specializes in the analysis of real-world clinical data. This direct collaboration has already led to new scientific projects. Currently, two additional studies are underway: one using data from six European countries and another focused again on the U.K. There are also efforts to replicate this research using data from the Catalan healthcare system.

“This stay allowed me to learn firsthand how leading groups in clinical epidemiology and large database analysis work. It was a key experience in my development as a researcher and has opened up new collaboration opportunities that will undoubtedly impact future research lines in digestive health and cancer,” says Dr. Patricia Pedregal.

Reference Article

Pedregal-Pascual P, Guarner-Argente C, Tan EH, Golozar A, Duarte-Salles T, Rosen AW, Delmestri A, Man WY, Burn E, Prieto-Alhambra D, Newby D. Incidence and survival of colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom from 2000-2021: a population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2025. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000003460

The outreach projects of the Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre (CCIb) will be visible on the streets of Barcelona during this Holy Week through a communication campaign aimed at bringing scientific health evidence closer to the public. The campaign, which began this past Tuesday, April 15, and will run through Monday, April 21, consists of a series of posters displayed in about ten bus shelters across the city. These posters pose general health-related questions designed to spark public curiosity.

Does listening to music help relieve insomnia? or Does intermittent fasting help with weight loss? are some questions featured on the posters. By scanning a QR code, interested individuals can access the answers and learn more about these and other health interventions. The campaign is supported by the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT) and the Organization of Consumers and Users (OCU), along with Hospital Sant Pau in Barcelona and the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau), with which the CCIb is affiliated.

“With this campaign, we aim to raise public awareness of our main outreach projects, such as Nutrimedia, Cochrane Responds, and Keys to Critical Thinking in Health, as well as invite interested citizens to participate in our studies to help improve science communication,” says Gonzalo Casino, Knowledge Transfer Manager at the CCIb.

Cochrane Responds is a monthly outreach project focused on the Cochrane systematic reviews that are of most interest to the public. The OCU has collaborated on this initiative since its launch in 2020. To date, over fifty health interventions have been featured in various formats, applying scientific evidence to communication efforts.

Nutrimedia, a joint project of the CCIb and Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, aims to provide citizens with scientific data and criteria to make informed decisions about nutrition and health. Its distinctive feature is that it evaluates how trustworthy certain health claims are—especially those circulating in the media and on social networks—while also answering questions submitted by the public.

Other projects featured in this campaign include Keys to Critical Thinking in Health and SimpleGRADE, which explains the certainty of evidence and the GRADE system in plain language.

A team from the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau), in collaboration with the Catalan Down Syndrome Foundation, has published in the journal Annals of Neurology the largest study to date on brain metabolism—measured through fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)—in adults with Down syndrome. The results prove that Alzheimer’s-related neurodegeneration, as measured by FDG-PET, begins many years before the first symptoms appear and can already be detected from age 35.

“In this study, we analyzed how brain metabolism changes in people with Down syndrome throughout the different stages of Alzheimer’s disease: from those who show no symptoms yet, through a prodromal stage where cognitive symptoms begin to appear without affecting functionality, all the way to the dementia stage,” explains Dr. José Enrique Arriola-Infante, first author of the study, who conducted the research at IR Sant Pau and currently works at the Torrecárdenas University Hospital (Almería, Spain).

A Unique Model for Studying Alzheimer’s

People with Down syndrome have a unique genetic predisposition: overexpression of the APP gene due to the triplication of chromosome 21 leads to overproduction of beta-amyloid protein, making them a natural genetic model for Alzheimer’s. It is estimated that over 90% of this population will develop the disease over their lifetime.

“The age at which boys and girls with Down syndrome start showing reduced brain metabolism is much earlier than in healthy controls. From age 35, we already see significant differences,” Dr. Arriola points out. “From a very young age, even before symptoms appear, they already show brain hypometabolism in regions typically affected by Alzheimer’s disease: the parietal and temporal lobes.”

Rigorous Design with Imaging Techniques and Biomarkers

The study is part of the Down Alzheimer Barcelona Neuroimaging Initiative (DABNI), an internationally recognized cohort. A total of 105 adults with Down syndrome in different clinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease—asymptomatic, prodromal, and with dementia—were included, along with a group of 71 healthy controls without intellectual disability.

All participants underwent an FDG-PET scan, which visualizes glucose consumption as a marker of brain activity. Structural MRI scans were also performed, along with cerebrospinal fluid extractions to analyze key biomarkers such as beta-amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and neurofilament light chain (NfL), the latter being an indicator of axonal damage.

Images were analyzed using advanced voxelwise statistical techniques, which allow researchers to detect abnormalities at each point in the brain without needing to predefine specific regions. “This analysis allows us to skip any a priori assumptions about anatomical regions and explore where in the brain the effects are occurring. It helps detect the areas where changes emerge earliest,” explains Dr. Alexandre Bejanin, neuroscientist with the Neurobiology of Dementia group at IR Sant Pau and senior author of the paper. “This method is more sensitive than regional analyses, where signals might be missed. It lets us map the exact topography of hypometabolism.”

Age—Not Sex or Disability—as a Key Factor

Beyond brain metabolism, the team also examined how variables such as sex or the degree of intellectual disability might influence outcomes. The findings were clear: the only truly significant factor was age. “Sex did not significantly affect brain metabolism, nor did the degree of intellectual disability,” summarizes Dr. Arriola. “What we did see is that age is directly related to metabolic decline. The older the person, the closer their pattern is to typical Alzheimer’s.”

Dr. Bejanin adds: “The effect of age is stronger in people with Down syndrome than in the general population. That’s because they are essentially all genetically predisposed to develop Alzheimer’s. So, age functions like a marker of the silent progression of the disease.”

Link to Alzheimer’s Biomarkers

One of the most important findings was the strong association between brain hypometabolism and biomarker levels in cerebrospinal fluid. In particular, neurofilament light chain (NfL), a marker of axonal damage, was found to be the most closely associated with metabolic loss.

“What we’ve seen is that the biomarker most related to metabolism is NfL, which also measures neurodegeneration,” explains Dr. Bejanin. “This confirms that the hypometabolism detected by PET is a highly reliable reflection of the disease process.”

The study also found associations with beta-amyloid (Aβ42/40) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau 181) levels, reinforcing the interpretation of hypometabolism as an indicator of Alzheimer’s-related degeneration.

Implications for Clinical Trials and Early Treatment

Although FDG-PET is a technique with some logistical limitations—such as requiring the injection of a radioactive tracer—the study highlights its usefulness as a tool for early diagnosis in people with Down syndrome. “What our work shows is that this test’s ability to detect neurodegeneration is strong even in the earliest stages, when individuals are still asymptomatic,” says Dr. Arriola. “This can help us better select participants for clinical trials of treatments aimed at modifying the course of the disease.”

Dr. Bejanin also emphasizes its clinical value. “We already knew this technique is sensitive for detecting neurodegeneration in sporadic Alzheimer’s. What we’re showing now is that it’s also effective in a genetic form like the one seen in Down syndrome.”

Looking Ahead

The team is already working on complementary research lines. “We’re comparing FDG-PET with other neuroimaging techniques such as structural MRI and cerebral perfusion imaging. This will help us determine which is more sensitive for detecting neurodegeneration in the very early stages,” says Dr. Bejanin. These MRI-based techniques would also be less invasive, as they don’t require injection of radioactive tracers.

Reference Article

Arriola-Infante JE, Morcillo-Nieto AO, Zsadanyi SE, Franquesa-Mullerat M, Vaqué-Alcázar L, Rozalem-Aranha M, Arranz J, Rodríguez-Baz Í, Maure-Blesa L, Videla L, Barroeta I, Del Hoyo Soriano L, Benejam B, Fernández S, Sanjuan-Hernández A, Giménez S, Alcolea D, Belbin O, Flotats A, Camacho V, Lleó A, Carmona-Iragui M, Fortea J, Bejanin A. Regional brain metabolism across the Alzheimer’s disease continuum in Down syndrome. Ann Neurol 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.27226

A study led by Dr. Ariadna Tibau, researcher at the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) and oncologist at Hospital de Sant Pau, was recently published in the journal JAMA Network Open. The article systematically analyzes for the first time which factors contribute to a faster transition from accelerated to regular approval of oncology drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The study also included participation from Alejandra Romano, oncology resident at Hospital Sant Pau, and Dr. Ignasi Gich, researcher with the Clinical Epidemiology and Health Services Group at IR Sant Pau.

The FDA’s accelerated approval pathway, in place since 1992, allows new drugs for serious conditions to reach patients more quickly. This route is based on preliminary results using surrogate clinical endpoints, but continued approval of these drugs is contingent on follow-up confirmatory trials demonstrating their efficacy and safety.

This international, retrospective study evaluated 102 indications for oncology drugs that received accelerated approval between 1992 and 2022 and subsequently gained full FDA approval before August 31, 2024. The findings show that conversion to full approval occurs more rapidly when certain characteristics are present at the time of initial approval: priority review designation, absence of serious safety warnings, initiation of confirmatory trials before approval, and an intermediate or high clinical benefit based on the ESMO-Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS).

“Our analysis shows that drugs with greater therapeutic potential and no major safety concerns at the time of accelerated approval tend to complete confirmatory trials more quickly and receive full approval sooner,” explains Dr. Ariadna Tibau. “This information can be very useful for regulators and clinicians, as it helps anticipate which drugs are more likely to demonstrate real benefit for patients.”

The study also highlights that among the confirmatory trials analyzed, those that showed a significant benefit in overall survival or quality of life were completed in less time. In contrast, drugs with less clear results took significantly longer to achieve full approval, which may expose patients to treatments of uncertain value over extended periods.

One of the key contributions of this work is the use of the ESMO-MCBS scale to assess the clinical benefit of drugs. According to Dr. Tibau, “It is essential that approval mechanisms be accompanied by tools that help prioritize therapies with the highest real clinical value. In this regard, the ESMO-MCBS can support more informed decision-making both in regulatory settings and clinical practice.”

The study was conducted in collaboration with leading research centers such as Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Queen’s University (Canada), and the Clinical Epidemiology team at Hospital de Sant Pau. The work was supported by the Kaiser Permanente Institute for Health Policy, with grants from Arnold Ventures, The Commonwealth Fund (for Dr. Kesselheim), and the Alfonso Martín Escudero Foundation (for Dr. Tibau).

Reference Article:

Tibau A, Hwang TJ, Romano A, Borrell M, Gich I, Molto C, Kesselheim AS. Factors in time to full approval or withdrawal for anticancer medicines granted accelerated approval by the FDA. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8:e252026. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.2026

Researchers from the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) have demonstrated, in a preclinical study, the effectiveness of a targeted nanotoxin in inhibiting colorectal cancer growth. The study, published in the journal International Journal of Nanomedicine, was conducted in an immunocompetent mouse model with microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer, a form known for its resistance to current immunotherapies.

MSS tumors represent the majority of colorectal cancer cases and are characterized by a lack of instability in DNA microsatellite sequences. This trait contributes to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which hampers the efficacy of conventional immunotherapies. Therefore, developing strategies to modify this environment is essential for improving available therapeutic options.

A Highly Targeted Treatment

The developed nanotoxin, called T22-DITOX-H6, specifically targets tumor cells that overexpress the CXCR4 receptor, a protein associated with the progression and spread of advanced colorectal cancer. This nanotoxin is composed of nanoparticles that combine a CXCR4 receptor ligand with the active domain of diphtheria toxin, enabling a precise cytotoxic action on the tumor while sparing healthy tissues.

In the study, mice received three intravenous doses of T22-DITOX-H6 over the course of one week. The results showed a significant reduction in tumor growth compared to untreated animals. Notably, this decrease was observed consistently, and biochemical and histological analyses did not detect signs of systemic toxicity or damage to vital organs such as the liver or kidneys.

Immune System Activation

In addition to the direct effect on tumor cells, the treatment induced a specific type of cell death known as pyroptosis. Unlike other forms of programmed cell death, pyroptosis is highly inflammatory, as it causes the cell to rupture and release signals that activate the immune system. In the context of cancer, this process not only eliminates tumor cells but also helps reshape the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, making it more conducive to an effective immune response.

Significantly, the study demonstrates for the first time that inducing pyroptosis in an immunocompetent colorectal cancer model triggers local inflammation and activates host immune cells within the tumor tissue. This process is associated with eosinophil infiltration and degranulation, a mechanism by which eosinophils release cytotoxic compounds that contribute to halting tumor growth. This finding reveals a little-explored mechanism of action with a strong innate immune response component, especially relevant in MSS tumors.

“This study proves that targeted nanotoxins can become a powerful tool to fight aggressive and treatment-resistant tumors such as MSS colorectal cancer. They not only eliminate tumor cells but also activate immune mechanisms that are typically inactive in this type of tumor,” explains Dr. Lorena Alba-Castellón, lead researcher of the study at IR Sant Pau and member of CIBER-BBN.

These findings reinforce the potential of personalized nanomedicine as an innovative therapeutic strategy to tackle tumors that are unresponsive to conventional treatments and open the door to future clinical developments in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

Reference article:

Carrasco-Díaz LM, Gallardo A, Voltà-Durán E, Virgili AC, Páez D, Villaverde A, Vazquez E, Álamo P, Unzueta U, Casanova I, Mangues R, Alba-Castellon L.
A Targeted Nanotoxin Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Growth Through Local Tumor Pyroptosis and Eosinophil Infiltration and Degranulation. Int J Nanomedicine. 2025;20:2445–2460
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S499192

The Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau), together with the Hospital de Sant Pau, has participated in the DapaTAVI clinical trial, which has shown that the use of the drug dapagliflozin significantly reduces the risk of death or worsening heart failure in older patients who have undergone transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) due to severe aortic stenosis. The study was published in the New England Journal of Medicine and presented this past weekend at the annual American College of Cardiology (ACC) congress, confirming its relevance in the international scientific community.

The trial, promoted by the Spanish Society of Cardiology and the Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), was conducted across 39 Spanish hospitals, including the Hospital de Sant Pau. It enrolled 1,222 elderly patients, with an average age of 82, all of whom had already undergone TAVI for aortic stenosis and had at least one additional risk factor such as heart failure, diabetes, ventricular dysfunction, or kidney disease. These types of patients are often excluded from large clinical trials due to their clinical complexity, despite being very common in real-world practice.

According to Dr. Dabit Arzamendi, cardiologist at Hospital de Sant Pau and investigator in the study, “These older patients with valvular disease and comorbidities had, until now, no specific evidence to support the use of treatments like dapagliflozin. With this study, we show that not only can they benefit from this drug, but its clinical impact is clear and consistent in reducing adverse events.”

Striking Results

The DapaTAVI results show that patients treated with dapagliflozin experienced a 28% reduction in the combined risk of death from any cause or worsening heart failure during the first year after TAVI, compared to those receiving standard treatment. This difference was mainly due to a decrease in hospital readmissions and urgent visits related to heart failure. Moreover, the benefits were consistent across all patient subgroups, regardless of whether they had diabetes, reduced ventricular function, or kidney failure.

“TAVI is an excellent treatment for resolving aortic stenosis, but many patients still experience heart failure decompensation. With dapagliflozin, we can reduce these events, which translates into fewer hospitalizations, longer survival, and better quality of life,” adds Dr. Arzamendi.

Another important aspect of the study is that the drug proved to be safe even in very elderly patients. “Dapagliflozin is a simple oral medication, easy to administer, and very well tolerated in this population. Side effects were minimal—mainly mild urinary infections or some hypotension—which are well-known and easily manageable,” notes Dr. Arzamendi. “This facilitates its implementation in everyday clinical practice, especially in such frail patients as those included in the study.”

Study Design

The study design was particularly meticulous. After receiving the valve implant via TAVI, all patients were randomized to receive or not receive dapagliflozin, and were followed for twelve months. Clinical events were assessed in a centralized and blinded manner to ensure objective results.

Dapagliflozin was originally developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but recently, it has taken a leading role in the management of heart failure, thanks to its multiple cardiovascular benefits. In addition to its glucose-lowering effect, it promotes diuresis and vasodilation, reduces left ventricular overload, and improves myocardial metabolic efficiency, all of which contribute to better heart function in patients with heart failure.

According to Dr. Arzamendi, “Dapagliflozin started as an antidiabetic drug, but today we use it more for its heart benefits than its glucose-lowering effects. It has a very favorable safety profile, and its mechanism of action fits perfectly with the needs of these patients after a TAVI.” The fact that it’s easy to administer and well tolerated, even in very elderly individuals, makes it a particularly valuable tool in this clinical setting.

About Aortic Stenosis and TAVI

Aortic stenosis is a common degenerative disease in older adults, in which the aortic valve narrows and impedes the flow of blood from the heart to the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, or fainting, and if left untreated, can lead to heart failure and death.

The current treatment of choice for elderly patients or those at high surgical risk is transcatheter aortic valve implantation, known as TAVI—a minimally invasive technique that allows a new valve to be implanted through a catheter inserted via the leg, without the need for open-heart surgery. While TAVI resolves the mechanical problem of the valve, many patients still face a high risk of heart failure events due to cumulative damage to the heart. It is in this context that dapagliflozin may play a fundamental role as a complementary treatment.

“The key finding of DapaTAVI is that we can significantly improve outcomes for these patients with a safe, well-known, easy-to-use medication that had not previously been applied in this setting due to lack of evidence. This will undoubtedly change the way we manage older patients after TAVI, and we hope its results will soon be reflected in updates to international clinical guidelines,” concludes Dr. Arzamendi.

Article reference

Raposeiras-Roubin S, Amat-Santos IJ, Rossello X, González Ferreiro R, González Bermúdez I, Lopez Otero D, Nombela-Franco L, Gheorghe L, Diez JL, Baladrón Zorita C, Baz JA, Muñoz García AJ, Vilalta V, Ojeda-Pineda S, de la Torre Hernández JM, Cordoba Soriano JG, Regueiro A, Bordes Siscar P, Salgado Fernández J, Garcia del Blanco B, Martín-Reyes R, Romaguera R, Moris C, García Blas S, Franco-Peláez JA, Cruz-González I, Arzamendi D, Romero Rodríguez N, Díez-del Hoyo F, Camacho Freire S, Bosa Ojeda F, Astorga Burgo JC, Molina Navarro E, Caballero Borrego J, Ruiz Quevedo V, Sánchez-Recalde Á, Peral Disdier V, Alegría-Barrero E, Torres-Llergo J, Feltes G, Fernández Díaz JA, Cuellas C, Jiménez Britez G, Sánchez-Rubio Lezcano J, Barreiro-Pardal C, Núñez-Gil I, Abu-Assi E, Iñiguez-Romo A, Fuster V, Ibáñez B. Dapagliflozin in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic-valve implantation. N Engl J Med 2025. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2500366

The Pharmacogenomics and Neurovascular Genetics Group at the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) has been invited to contribute to a special issue of the Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, dedicated to the latest advances in stroke research. Researchers from IR Sant Pau have provided an in-depth review of the impact of epigenetics on stroke risk and outcomes, with a particular focus on the role of DNA methylation.

The article, authored by Dr. Cristina Gàllego-Fàbrega, Dr. Natalia Cullell, and Dr. Israel Fernández-Cadenas, compiles and analyzes the available evidence on how epigenetic patterns can influence stroke susceptibility and prognosis, as well as the potential application of epigenetic drugs in treating the disease.

Epigenetics Offers Promising Route to New Therapies

The review highlights that DNA methylation appears to be a relevant mechanism in stroke. Several studies have identified specific methylation patterns associated with a higher risk of experiencing a cerebrovascular event, as well as with poorer recovery after stroke. These findings pave the way for the development of new personalized treatments based on epigenetic modulation, with the potential to improve both stroke prevention and recovery.

Among the main conclusions of the paper is the observation that stroke patients present a biological age higher than expected for their chronological age. This suggests that epigenetics could serve as a key marker for identifying individuals at greater risk of stroke. Additionally, certain epigenetic patterns appear to influence patients’ responses to current treatments, underscoring the importance of integrating this research into precision medicine.

Dr. Israel Fernández-Cadenas, head of the Pharmacogenomics and Neurovascular Genetics Group, emphasized the significance of the invitation. “Being part of this special issue of the Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism is a recognition of the work carried out over the past 10 years by Drs. Cristina Gàllego and Natalia Cullell on epigenetic regulation and stroke. Understanding epigenetic mechanisms brings us closer to more precise, personalized treatments, which could make a significant difference in stroke prevention and recovery. Our goal is to continue advancing in this field and bring these insights into clinical practice.”

Recognition for IR Sant Pau’s Leadership in Stroke Research

The invitation to contribute to this special issue acknowledges IR Sant Pau’s leadership in the field of stroke genetics and epigenetics. Researchers at the institute continue working to improve understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease and to advance the development of new therapeutic strategies.

Reference article:

Gallego-Fabrega C, Cullell N, Fernández-Cadenas I. How epigenetics impacts stroke risk and outcomes through DNA methylation: A systematic review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2025:271678X251322032. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X251322032

On Wednesday, March 26, the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) hosted the conference about technological advancements for manufacturing in a Good Manufacturing Pratice (GMP) environment, a specialized event held as part of the Advanced Therapies Network (TERAV). The technically focused meeting spotlighted recent progress in equipment and processes used in the production of advanced therapies under GMP conditions.

The full-day session featured a packed, highly specialized agenda and included participation from leading companies and research centers such as SONY, SCINUS, and Applied Cells — all represented by Palex — as well as the Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, and the Blood and Tissue Bank. The event showcased cutting-edge technologies including high-efficiency, column-free immunomagnetic cell isolation platforms, GMP-compliant cell sorting systems, and fully controlled bioreactors for the expansion of both adherent and suspension cells.

Throughout the day, critical aspects of cell production in GMP environments were addressed through practical case studies and real-world experiences shared by experts from leading clinical centers. This hands-on approach encouraged knowledge exchange among professionals involved in the development, manufacturing, and clinical application of advanced therapies.

Notably, the coordinator of the TERAV Network’s technology platforms specifically selected Sant Pau as the host site for this event, choosing it over several alternatives. This decision highlights the recognition of IR Sant Pau’s track record and commitment to the field of advanced therapies, as well as its leadership in infrastructure and expertise for driving projects in this area.

By hosting this event, Sant Pau strengthens its role as a reference center for innovation, translational research, and technology transfer in healthcare. These kinds of initiatives help foster collaboration among public research institutions, clinical organizations, and industry, while underscoring the development potential of Catalonia’s biomedical research system.

The TERAV Network is a scientific and technological initiative supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities. It aims to coordinate and enhance existing capabilities in advanced therapies across Spain. The network brings together research groups, technology platforms, and infrastructures working in areas such as gene therapy, cell therapy, and regenerative medicine, promoting collaboration, specialized training, and the development of joint projects.

Once again, the Sant Pau Research Institute participates in Brain Awareness Week, which takes place from March 10 to 16! This annual campaign aims to showcase scientific advances in the field of neuroscience.

During this week, Sant Pau research and healthcare professionals led outreach activities about the brain and nervous system, providing firsthand insights into how this organ functions, the techniques used to study it, and the latest research lines in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of related diseases. This year, we specifically focused on the advances made in Alzheimer’s disease research in our laboratories.

In total, more than seventy students, from both primary and secondary schools, had the opportunity to enjoy talks, workshops, and guided tours of the research facilities and the Dimension Lab at Hospital Sant Pau. This combination allowed them to closely discover the world of biomedical research, as well as the technology and innovation transforming healthcare.

High school students from the Galí Bellesguard School and the Clinical and Biomedical Laboratory Technician students from INS Alexandre Satorras were able to learn about our work thanks to the participation of Laia Lidón and Danna Perlaza, researchers from the Sant Pau Memory Unit, as well as Abdel Hakim Moustafa, César Acebes, and Marian Iglesias, healthcare professionals from the Dimension Lab team, who served as our activity facilitators.

Young students from the third grade of Torrent d’en Melis School learned about the brain’s different parts, their functions, and the role of neurons through the adventure of Mariona, the young expert experimenter, in a workshop led by Jorge Clusa, Outreach Manager at the IR Sant Pau.

Predoctoral researcher Lourdes Ailen Arena, a member of the Oncogenesis and Antitumor Drugs group at the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau), has been awarded a prestigious INPhINIT predoctoral fellowship from the ”la Caixa” Foundation. The fellowship allows her to pursue her doctoral thesis as part of an innovative research project in cancer nanoimmunotherapy. The award ceremony was held on Tuesday, March 18, and this was the only fellowship granted to IR Sant Pau in this edition.

Pioneering Cancer Nanoimmunotherapy Research

Arena’s research at IR Sant Pau is part of an ambitious project focused on targeted nanoimmunotherapy against CXCR4+ cancer stem cells, a cutting-edge area in oncology. These cells represent a subpopulation within tumors with a high capacity for self-renewal, resistance to conventional treatments, and metastatic potential—making them a top target in the fight against cancer.

High expression of the CXCR4 receptor on their surface is associated with more aggressive tumors and lower patient survival rates, as this receptor plays a key role in tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. This research project aims to attack these cells directly, reducing the risk of recurrence and improving treatment outcomes. The doctoral thesis will be supervised by Dr. Ugutz Unzueta, a researcher in the Oncogenesis and Antitumor Drugs group.

The goal of the project is to develop a novel therapeutic strategy using protein-based nanoparticles selectively targeted at cancer stem cells. The research aims to design a highly efficient nanoparticle that delivers an innovative drug inside these cells, inducing immunogenic cell death. This mechanism triggers the body’s immune response against the tumor, delivering a dual effect: specifically eliminating cancer stem cells and activating the immune system to fight cancer more effectively.

The project builds on previous advances made by the IR Sant Pau group in the development of multivalent, superselective nanoparticles—a patented technology that has shown great promise in targeted cancer therapy. The research will combine in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies, enabling the evaluation of antitumor efficacy and immune activation in animal models of CXCR4+ tumors.

A Leading Environment in Cancer Research

The Oncogenesis and Antitumor Drugs group at IR Sant Pau is a multidisciplinary unit specializing in the development of new nanomedicines for cancer treatment. Their work focuses on using advanced technologies to enhance the effectiveness and safety of antitumor therapies. The group is part of the Spanish excellence network CIBER-BBN and works closely with clinicians at Sant Pau Hospital, strengthening translational research with direct clinical applications.

Arena’s recognition with the INPhINIT fellowship from ”la Caixa” highlights the value of young talent in biomedical research and further establishes IR Sant Pau as a reference center in cutting-edge cancer research.

A research team led by Dr. Josep Francesc Nomdedeu, head of the Hematologic Diagnostics Research Group at the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) and hematologist at the Sant Pau Hospital’s Hematology Laboratory, in collaboration with the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, the University of Barcelona, the Cancer Research Center of Marseille (INSERM), and other institutions, has identified a previously underexplored mechanism by which the KIT D816V mutation reprograms cellular metabolism to promote tumor development.

The study, recently published in the journal Experimental Hematology, shows that the KIT D816V mutation—frequently found in hematologic malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and systemic mastocytosis—increases both the number and activity of mitochondria while simultaneously reducing their physiological clearance through mitophagy. Mitophagy is a selective cellular cleanup process through which damaged or unneeded mitochondria are eliminated to maintain metabolic balance and prevent the buildup of harmful free radicals. The central mechanism behind this disruption involves the downregulation of the BNIP3 gene, a key regulator of mitochondrial autophagy.

To investigate the impact of the KIT D816V mutation, researchers used two human myeloid cell lines: ROSA (mast cell-like) and TF-1 (erythroleukemia). They compared the behavior of mutated cells to their wild-type (non-mutated) counterparts.

The team analyzed various biochemical and cellular parameters to assess mitochondrial function, including oxygen consumption, ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. They also measured the number, size, and morphology of mitochondria, along with the expression of critical markers related to autophagy and mitophagy—such as BNIP3 and LC3—using electron microscopy, flow cytometry, qPCR, and immunoblotting.

To confirm the clinical relevance of these findings, researchers analyzed samples from AML patients to determine whether those with the KIT D816V mutation also showed reduced BNIP3 levels. Indeed, this association was observed.

A Shift in Cellular Energy Metabolism

Unlike many other cancers that rely primarily on glycolysis—a fast but less efficient metabolic process that generates energy from glucose without requiring oxygen—this study found that KIT D816V-mutant cells favor mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to produce energy. This shift results in increased ATP production, heightened mitochondrial respiration, and elevated levels of ROS such as superoxide, which can damage DNA and contribute to genomic instability.

The researchers found that this functional shift is directly linked to lower levels of BNIP3, a protein that serves as a signal for the selective degradation of defective mitochondria. Its loss leads to an accumulation of mitochondria that are active but dysfunctional, potentially increasing oxidative stress and promoting tumor progression.

In patient-derived AML samples, those harboring the KIT D816V mutation exhibited significantly lower BNIP3 levels, which were associated with worse overall survival.

mTOR: A Constantly Activated Growth Pathway

The study also revealed that the mTOR pathway—one of the primary regulators of autophagy—is constitutively activated in mutant cells, even under nutrient-deprived or growth factor-deficient conditions. This autonomous function reflects a loss of dependence on external signals, a hallmark of many cancer cells.

“The KIT D816V mutation acts as a double accelerator: it boosts cellular energy production through mitochondria while also blocking their natural elimination,” said Dr. Josep F. Nomdedeu. “This imbalance could pave the way for new therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring control over mitochondrial function.”

Therapeutic Outlook

The findings suggest that restoring BNIP3 expression could be a viable strategy to counteract the pro-tumor effects of the KIT mutation. In in vitro experiments, overexpression of BNIP3 reinstated mitophagy and reduced the number of mitochondria in mutant cells.

This discovery opens new avenues for research and potential therapeutic targets in hematologic malignancies driven by KIT mutations, particularly in patients who are resistant to conventional treatments.

Institutional Support

This study was supported by multiple national and international research institutions. In Spain, funding came from the Carlos III Health Institute through projects PI13/2729 and PI16/094, and from the Generalitat de Catalunya via grants 2014-SGR-383, 2017-SGR-1395, and the PERIS program SLT 002/16/0043.

Internationally, the research was funded by Aix-Marseille University, the Amidex Foundation, Canceropôle Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, the French National Cancer Institute (INCa), and the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Region, highlighting the collaborative and translational nature of the project.

Reference:

Cisa-Wieczorek S, Hernández-Alvarez MI, Parreño M, Muñoz JP, Bussaglia E, Carricondo M, Ubeda J, Dubreuil P, Zorzano A, Brenet F, Nomdedeu JF. D816V KIT mutation induces mitochondrial morphologic and functional changes through BNIP3 downregulation in human myeloid cell lines ROSA and TF-1. Exp Hematol. 2025;145:104748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exphem.2025.104748

A study published in Cardiovascular Diabetology shows how detailed analysis of lipoproteins and glycoproteins can help predict cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Using advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, the research team identified plasma alterations associated with increased risk in these patients.

This collaborative work was led by teams from CIBER in its areas of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM) and Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), at the Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau) and the Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV).

The study is part of the LIPOCAT project and analysed a total of 933 patients with T2D from four Spanish cohorts. “Traditional risk factors do not predict cardiovascular events with sufficient accuracy in people with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to evaluate whether incorporating advanced lipoprotein profiling via MRI could enhance the predictive capacity of conventional models,” explains Dr Dídac Mauricio, principal investigator of the study, affiliated with IR Sant Pau and CIBERDEM.

The results show that certain lipoprotein alterations, such as triglyceride content in remnant and LDL particles, along with inflammatory markers, are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events. “Incorporating these measures into traditional models significantly improves predictive accuracy, with an increase in the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) up to 0.76 in the internal validation cohort,” highlights Dr Núria Amigó, first author of the study and CIBER researcher at the Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV).

These findings could have clinical implications by enabling better cardiovascular risk stratification in patients with type 2 diabetes and allowing for a more personalised management approach. “Advanced lipoprotein profiling technology could become a key tool in improving cardiovascular prevention in this population,” concludes Dr Amigó.

The study involved researchers from Hospital de Sant Pau and Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova (Lleida), IDIAP Jordi Gol, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (Tarragona), and Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, in collaboration with Washington University School of Medicine. It was led by Dr Dídac Mauricio.

Article Reference:
Amigó N, Castelblanco E, Julve J, et al. Advanced Serum Lipoprotein and Glycoprotein Profiling for Cardiovascular Event Prediction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The LIPOCAT Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol (2025) 24:88. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-025-02636-5.

Sleep disorders are highly prevalent among people with Down syndrome, yet they often go undiagnosed. Researchers at the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) are conducting a pioneering study to examine how these disturbances may influence the development of Alzheimer’s disease, aiming to improve early detection and treatment for these patients.

Groundbreaking Study Explores Connection Between Sleep and Neurodegeneration

The Sant Pau Alzheimer-Down Unit, in collaboration with New York University, has launched a study using advanced techniques such as polysomnography and central temperature monitoring via a special ingestible capsule. These methods will help analyse how the sleep disturbances and circadian rhythm disruptions may affect Alzheimer’s progression in individuals with Down syndrome.

Dr Lídia Vaqué, a researcher from the Neurobiology of Dementia group at IR Sant Pau, explained: “We know that poor sleep can have a direct impact on neurodegeneration, but we need more data to determine to what extent this can be modified through specific interventions.” The study will also provide long-term monitoring of patients to identify preventive strategies and improve their quality of life.

Need to Detect and Treat Sleep Disorders in People With Down Syndrome

Sleep disorders are particularly common among people with Down syndrome, yet they frequently go unnoticed. Dr Sandra Giménez, a clinical neurophysiologist specialising in sleep medicine at Sant Pau’s Multidisciplinary Sleep Unit, said: “Sleep disorders in people with Down syndrome are highly prevalent and, unfortunately, frequently overlooked. Sleep apnoea, for example, is one of the most common conditions and can have serious consequences if left undiagnosed and untreated.”

The lack of early detection means that many people with Down syndrome do not receive the appropriate treatment or are wrongly assumed to be unable to tolerate it. However, the team at the Sant Pau Sleep Unit, which also includes Dr Inés Podzmaczer, Dr Vera Lugo and Dr Ana Fortuna, as well as the nursing team, has demonstrated that treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices is just as effective in this group as in the general population, improving sleep quality and reducing associated risks.

“It is crucial to raise awareness among families and healthcare professionals about these disorders because sleep not only affects daily life but also has long-term health implications,” Dr Giménez added.

Call for Participants in Alzheimer’s and Sleep Study

The study aims to recruit 60 participants for long-term monitoring of Alzheimer’s biomarkers. Those taking part will undergo a comprehensive sleep assessment, as well as neuropsychological and high-precision brain imaging tests.

The Sant Pau Research Institute is inviting people with Down syndrome and their families to participate in this research, which will not only contribute to scientific knowledge but could also have a direct impact on their quality of life.

For more information on how to take part in the study, please contact the research team at Sant Pau Research Institute.

Medical Research Drives Inclusion and Innovation in Down Syndrome

To mark World Down Syndrome Day, the Jérôme Lejeune Foundation – an international organisation dedicated to research, medical care and the defence of the rights of people with genetic intellectual disabilities – has coordinated an initiative with scientists from the T21 Research Society, a global network of researchers specialising in Down syndrome.

Among the scientists involved are Dr Juan Fortea and Dr Maria Carmona-Iragui, who have highlighted the crucial role of scientific research in improving health outcomes and promoting inclusion for people with Down syndrome.

The initiative points out that, despite scientific advancements increasing life expectancy for this group to around 60 years in some countries, research in the field remains underfunded. In Europe, support is limited compared with the United States, where the INCLUDE programme has allocated over $400 million to Down syndrome research.

Studying conditions such as sleep disorders, autoimmune diseases and Alzheimer’s could lead to major breakthroughs not only for people with Down syndrome but for the wider population. With greater investment and institutional support, research can continue to advance, ensuring a better quality of life and real inclusion for this group.

Sant Pau Leads Research on Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s

Sant Pau Research Institute has been a pioneer in Spain, establishing the Alzheimer-Down Unit in December 2014 in collaboration with the Catalan Down Syndrome Foundation. Recognised by the Catalan government, this multidisciplinary unit is a reference centre in Catalonia for neurological conditions associated with Down syndrome, combining clinical and translational research to address the specific needs of this group.

Recently, Sant Pau researchers identified a link between cerebrovascular lesions and the development of Alzheimer’s in people with Down syndrome. This discovery underscores the importance of vascular health in disease progression and could open new avenues for preventive and therapeutic strategies tailored to this population.

A team from the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) has conducted a comprehensive review of the impact of sex on the progression of genetically determined Alzheimer’s disease, including autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease (ADAD), Down syndrome-associated Alzheimer’s disease (DSAD), and APOE4 homozygosity. The study, published in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience and led by Dr Laura del Hoyo, a Miguel Servet researcher in the Neurobiology of Dementia group at IR Sant Pau, concludes that while sex influences certain cognitive and structural aspects of the brain, its effects on disease progression are far less pronounced than in sporadic Alzheimer’s.

According to Dr del Hoyo, “Sexual dimorphism is one thing, but how sex impacts Alzheimer’s disease progression is another. In genetically determined Alzheimer’s, genetics play such a significant role that we do not see major differences between men and women in disease progression, unlike in the sporadic form.” However, the study identifies some exceptions that may be linked to differences in cognitive reserve.

Sex Differences in the Progression of Genetic Alzheimer’s

The review examined studies analysing the impact of sex on three fundamental aspects defining genetically determined Alzheimer’s: disease penetrance (i.e., the proportion of individuals with a specific genetic mutation who develop the associated clinical symptoms), the age of symptom onset, and the clinical progression and evolution of key biomarkers such as amyloid accumulation, tau pathology, and neurodegeneration.

The results showed that in all forms of genetic Alzheimer’s, sex differences in these three aspects were subtle or non-existent, although some specific patterns emerged. In ADAD, the reviewed studies indicated that women in advanced disease stages exhibited greater neurodegeneration, with more pronounced cortical thinning and a reduction in hippocampal and amygdala volume compared to men. Despite these structural changes, their cognitive performance remained similar, suggesting that they may have greater cognitive reserve, which helps protect against pathological progression.

In the case of DSAD, the results were relatively different. Women carrying the APOE4 gene tended to develop dementia symptoms earlier than men with the same genetic predisposition. Additionally, this group showed higher amyloid accumulation and increased neurodegeneration compared to men. These findings contrast with observations in ADAD and APOE4 homozygosity, where no significant sex differences were found in disease progression.

“In Down syndrome, carrying APOE4 seems to have a greater impact on women than on men in terms of amyloid accumulation and neurodegeneration,” explains the researcher. However, she clarifies, “We cannot say that the effect of this gene is generally more detrimental in women than in men because we have not consistently observed this.”

Why Are Gender Differences Less Marked in Genetic Alzheimer’s?

One of the key findings of this review is that, unlike sporadic Alzheimer’s, where women show higher prevalence and faster disease progression, genetic Alzheimer’s follows more predictable patterns and is less influenced by sex. As Dr del Hoyo explains, “Genetics creates so much noise that the role of sex becomes diluted.” However, this does not mean that underlying differences do not influence how the disease manifests in each individual.

Sexual dimorphism is evident in aspects such as cognitive performance before disease onset. Women are generally better at verbal memory tasks, while men tend to perform better in visuospatial tasks. This is significant because it may mask early signs of decline in women, making early detection more challenging, as most diagnostic tools rely on language-dependent tests.

“If all the assessment tools we use rely heavily on language, we might be underestimating early deficits in women, as they have a pre-existing advantage in this domain,” warns the researcher. This testing bias could lead to later detection of symptoms in women, posing a challenge for research and clinical practice. In this regard, the study highlights the need to develop more balanced assessment tools that account for sex differences and enable more accurate and equitable detection of cognitive decline in the early stages of the disease.

Further Research with a Gender Perspective

Beyond the findings on genetic Alzheimer’s progression, the study emphasises the importance of continuing to investigate these differences using more refined methodologies. Longitudinal studies, which follow patients over time, are essential tools for better understanding the effects of sex on the disease. The need to diversify cognitive assessment methods is also highlighted, incorporating tests that do not rely solely on skills where one sex may have an initial advantage. Additionally, a new line of research is emerging on the role of hormones, particularly in Alzheimer’s in people with Down syndrome, as early menopause in women with this condition may influence disease progression.

One of the study’s key points is the importance of communicating results rigorously and avoiding bias in data interpretation. “There has been some ‘cherry-picking’ in gender studies, highlighting only findings where differences are observed and overlooking ‘null results’. But it is just as important to report when we do not find differences. Communicating ‘null results’ well is crucial for gender-sensitive research that is based on solid scientific evidence,” emphasises Dr del Hoyo.

This study represents a significant step forward in understanding the impact of sex on genetic Alzheimer’s and raises new questions about how to tailor diagnostic and treatment strategies to the individual characteristics of each patient. Although sex differences in disease progression are subtle, studying them could help improve accuracy in detection and the management of Alzheimer’s in populations with genetic predisposition.

Reference Article:

Del Hoyo Soriano L, Wagemann O, Bejanin A, Levin J, Fortea J. Sex-related differences in genetically determined Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2025;17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1522434.

On April 4th and 5th, the Modernist Complex of the Sant Pau Hospital will become the meeting point for the third edition of “Entre Dones”, an event to talk, share, and learn about women’s health from a gender perspective.

Scientific Day – April 4th

On Friday, April 4th, from 2:00 p.m. to 5:30 p.m., at the Pau Gil Room of the Sant Pau Modernist Complex, we will hold the Scientific Day, dedicated to cardiovascular diseases and risks from a gender perspective.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death among women, but they remain underdiagnosed and poorly researched, seriously affecting their health and quality of life. Additionally, hormonal and reproductive factors play a key role.

This event is aimed at:

• Specialists in Family and Community Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cardiology, Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Emergency Medicine, and anyone interested in gender-focused medicine.
• Midwives and primary care nurses.
• Community Pharmacists and Hospital Pharmacists.

Check out the full program here.

Register for the Scientific Day here.

Registration: 30 euros

Participatory Day – April 5th

On Saturday, April 5th, come enjoy a morning dedicated to women’s health at the Sant Pau Modernist Complex. A day to break taboos, resolve doubts, and take steps toward a fairer and more inclusive medicine.

Enjoy a wide range of activities focused on major thematic areas: cardiology, gynecology, and a space dedicated to children, Between Girls (6 to 12 years old).

Additionally, throughout the morning, the Gardens of the Sant Pau Modernist Complex will come alive with outdoor activities. There will be several stalls, all the result of projects committed to sustainability and gender perspectives.

Check out the full program of activities here.

Register for the participatory event here.

We look forward to seeing you!

A recent study on the functions of human protein-coding genes, published in the prestigious journal Nature, marks a significant advancement in the functional characterisation of the human genome. The research was conducted by an international team of scientists, including Dr Àlex Bayés from the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau), the sole investigator from a Spanish research centre involved in the project.

The study presents the most comprehensive compilation to date of human gene functions, effectively forming what could be termed the human functionome. This invaluable source of information holds profound implications for both basic and biomedical research.

An Evolutionary Approach to Understanding Human Gene Function

The project integrates data obtained directly from human gene studies with a comparative evolutionary analysis. This methodological approach has enabled researchers to infer nearly 70,000 functions, covering 82% of human genes. Previous studies had identified functions for only 40–60% of protein-coding human genes. Notably, around 60% of these inferred functions stem from the evolutionary approach applied in this study.

Furthermore, the evolutionary study has provided insights into the origins of human gene functions. Paradoxically, the findings suggest that most of these functions are highly ancestral, predating the emergence of multicellular organisms more than 1.6 billion years ago, and have remained largely conserved throughout this period. The last major evolutionary wave of new functions is believed to have occurred with the emergence of placental mammals around 100 million years ago. Since then, few new functions have been added to the human genome’s repertoire.

This work was made possible through the support of PAN-GO (Phylogenetic Annotation of Gene Ontology), an innovative platform that integrates phylogenetic data to enhance the precision of functional gene descriptions. The use of PAN-GO has been instrumental in identifying evolutionary patterns in gene function and in generating a more complete and accurate compendium of gene roles in human biology.

Boosting Biomedical Research in Spain

The participation of IR Sant Pau in this study reaffirms the institute’s scientific excellence and its contribution to cutting-edge basic and biomedical research on a global scale. Collaborating in such projects strengthens the role of Spanish science in high-impact international initiatives.

“We have had the tremendous privilege of contributing to a global scientific initiative aimed at systematising the knowledge generated by the scientific community on human gene functions, creating indispensable computational analysis tools for biomedical research,” said Dr Bayés.

Reference Article

Feuermann M, Mi H, Gaudet P, Muruganujan A, Lewis SE, Ebert D, et al. A compendium of human gene functions derived from evolutionary modelling. Nature 2025:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08592-0

This Monday, 10 March, a workshop with the Da Vinci surgical robot was held at the Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), taking place in the centre’s animal facility. The event brought together ten doctors from various hospitals across Catalonia. This initiative allowed healthcare professionals to familiarise themselves with this cutting-edge technology, which represents a revolution in the field of robot-assisted surgery.

During the session, participants had the opportunity to gain first-hand experience of the Da Vinci robot’s functionalities, exploring its operation and applications in the surgical field. Through practical exercises and demonstrations, the doctors were able to handle the console and experience the precision of movements assisted by this high-tech robotic system. The primary objective of this activity was to provide a realistic immersion into the robot’s capabilities and its impact on improving surgical procedures, reducing the margin of error and promoting faster recovery for patients.

This workshop is part of a regular training programme held at the centre’s animal facility, covering various aspects related to this precision tool. On previous occasions, specific sessions have been organised on advanced surgical techniques, the handling of high-precision equipment, and technological applications in biomedical research.

The workshop is part of IR Sant Pau’s commitment to promoting the continuous training of healthcare professionals and encouraging the integration of innovative technologies into medical practice. These learning spaces are essential for maintaining excellence in patient care and fostering the development of research in the field of robotic surgery. Moreover, this experience has allowed doctors to assess first-hand the advantages of robotic surgery in terms of precision, risk minimisation, and optimisation of surgical times.

Research has highlighted an indisputable fact: sex and gender identity directly influence health, well-being, and the progression of diseases. So much so that today, no research or healthcare activity can be considered complete without an authentic gender perspective.

At the Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), we believe that research on women’s health and the incorporation of the sex and gender perspective in research projects should be an essential part of our center’s agenda.

On the occasion of International Women’s Day (8M) and in connection with the IR Sant Pau’s Transversal Health and Gender Program, we are introducing a new tool to guide our research staff in evaluating their research with a gender perspective: the Hipatia checklist.

From now on, the Ethics Committee for Research with Medicines (CEIm) will incorporate this checklist as an essential document when submitting a protocol for evaluation.

The CEIm is an independent body that, according to the legal provisions that accredit it, is tasked with ensuring the protection of the rights, safety, and well-being of the subjects involved in a trial, as well as providing a public guarantee of this protection by reviewing and approving the protocol, the investigator’s suitability, the facilities, and the materials and methods to be used in obtaining and documenting the informed consent of the subjects.

Consult the checklist here.

Why is it important to research with a gender perspective?

• Different health and disease patterns are known to vary according to sex and gender.
• Knowledge about the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases primarily comes from studies conducted on male cells, male mice, and men.
• Medicine and healthcare are based less on evidence generated from women than from men.

A collaborative study by the Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) at the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) and the Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) has identified a new therapeutic target for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), a degenerative vascular disease with high mortality and no effective pharmacological options.

The study, published in the journal Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, reveals how the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) contributes to the development of AAA. The findings show that inhibition of this enzyme with bempedoic acid—a drug used to lower high cholesterol—reduces inflammation and provides protection against the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysm in an experimental model.

The research was led by Dr Cristina Rodríguez Sinovas, head of the Cardiovascular Remodelling Regulatory Mechanisms research group at IR Sant Pau, and Dr José Martínez-González from IIBB-CSIC, both researchers in the Cardiovascular Diseases area of CIBER (CIBERCV).

AAA mainly affects men over the age of 65, with an estimated prevalence of between 4% and 8%. The prevalence in women is significantly lower (around 1% to 2%), but the risk of aortic rupture is higher, and they also have a worse prognosis following surgery.

This disease is characterised by exacerbated inflammation and destructive remodelling of the arterial wall. Currently, the only therapeutic option is surgical intervention in high-risk cases, highlighting the need for alternative strategies.

In this study, samples from AAA patients were analysed, and research was conducted on inflammatory cell cultures and a preclinical mouse model of the disease. “The results show the strong induction of the active form of ACLY in the inflammatory infiltrate of the human aneurysm and how the administration of bempedoic acid in an experimental mouse model improves survival, limits the disorganisation and rupture of elastic fibres in the vascular wall, and attenuates both local and systemic inflammatory responses,” explains Dr Rodríguez Sinovas, coordinator of the study.

“The study highlights the contribution of ACLY in AAA and suggests the potential of repurposing bempedoic acid for the management of these patients, while also laying the groundwork for future clinical trials to assess the potential benefits of this drug in AAA,” concludes Dr Lidia Puertas-Umbert, the study’s first author and a researcher at CIBER and IIBB-CSIC.

The study also involved the collaboration of CIBER research groups from the areas of Cardiovascular Diseases and the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, based at the Vall d’Hebron Research Institute and the University of Barcelona.

Reference article:

Puertas-Umbert L, Alonso J, Blanco-Casoliva L, Almendra-Pegueros R, Camacho M, Rodríguez-Sinovas A, Galán M, Roglans N, Laguna JC, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. Inhibition of ATP-citrate lyase by bempedoic acid protects against abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2025;184:117876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2025.117876.